PMOS, formerly known as PCOS, develops when reproductive and metabolic hormones do not work in their usual balance. Many people with PMOS have higher androgen levels, irregular ovulation, or insulin resistance. Insulin resistance means the body does not respond efficiently to insulin, causing the pancreas to produce more. Higher insulin levels may increase androgen production and make ovulation less regular.
The exact cause of PMOS is not fully understood. Genetics, insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation, and environmental factors may contribute. Having a close relative with PMOS or type 2 diabetes may also increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Common PMOS symptoms may include:
- Irregular, infrequent, heavy, or missed periods
- Difficulty ovulating or becoming pregnant
- Acne
- Excess facial hair
- Thinning hair
- Weight gain or difficulty managing weight
- Darkened or thickened skin around the neck, groin, or under the breasts
- Small skin tags around the neck
Not everyone experiences the same symptoms. PMOS may begin around puberty, but it can become more noticeable later, especially after weight changes, increasingly irregular periods, or when pregnancy is being planned.
How Is PMOS Diagnosed?
There is no single test for PMOS. A doctor will review menstrual patterns, symptoms, medical history, and family history before performing a physical examination. Diagnosis may involve:
- Blood tests to assess hormone levels, blood sugar, and cholesterol
- A pelvic ultrasound to examine the ovaries and uterine lining
- Tests to exclude other causes, including thyroid disorders or elevated prolactin levels
Treatment is personalised according to symptoms, health, and pregnancy goals. Management may include:
- Balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and weight management
- Medicines to regulate periods or manage acne and excess hair growth
- Treatment for insulin resistance when appropriate
- Fertility treatment or medicines that support ovulation
- Regular monitoring of blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol
PMOS is a long-term condition, but symptoms can often be managed effectively. Ongoing care is important because PMOS may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol, sleep apnea, fertility difficulties, and abnormal thickening of the uterine lining.
At Bumrungrad Women’s Center, gynecologists collaborate with endocrinologists, fertility specialists, and clinical nutrition specialists to assess hormonal imbalance, menstrual concerns, metabolic health, and fertility goals, providing coordinated individualised care for each patient.
Provided by the Women’s Center at Bumrungrad International Hospital
